women's groups sex tourism
Asian Women's Association
Poste Restante, Shibuya Post Office, Tokyo, Japan.
One of the major groups involved in campaigns against sex tourism, they produce a newspaper, Asian Women's Liberation, in which they continually bring the issue to the fore, and report on actions taking place.
Concerned Asian
Women p/a MIAC, Voor Clarenburg 10, Utrecht, Netherlands.
This group of Asian women in the Netherlands was recently set up to draw attention to the sex-tourism industry in Europe and to give support to their sisters struggling in the South-East Asian countries where the industry flourishes. In a statement made at the time of a demonstration they organised at Schiphol airport in the Netherlands, 21 March 1982, they said,
"Sex-tourism is a logical consequence of the exploitative nature of the relations between the rich and powerful and the poor and powerless. It is also a consequence of the unequal relations between men and women.
"The problem of sex-tourism is most acute in Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea and Sri Lanka. In these countries the ruling elites, whether civil or military, are undemocratic and repressive. The governments are selling out their countries and peoples in their efforts to increase and consolidate their power. They have sold out the natural resources of their countries. They have offered young people, especially women, as cheap and docile labour to the profit-hunting multinationals. Now, they are allowing young women and children to be used as objects of perverted pleasure by foreign and local tourists.
"The rich and developed nations also have their part in the exploitation and oppression of Asian peoples. They support and collaborate with the oppressive Asian regimes by giving military aid. They continue to exploit the natural and human reserves of Asian countries economically through their multinational corporations. They condone the organization of sex tours to Asia.
"Women and children have always been the most subdued and manipulated group in society. In the modern system of international cooperation and relations, Asian women and children are being scandalously manipulated and victimised on both the international labour market and the international and local sex-market.
"We call on all people to:
EXPRESS their solidarity with the women and children of Asia
CONDEMN - the repressive Asian governments and their foreign collaborators who prevent the organization and development of Asian peoples
- the exploitative investment practices of multinationals which provide the economic backing for the repressive regimes in Asia and aggravate the problems of the people
- the tourist and other agencies in Asia and Europe which organise, operate and profit from the 'sex industry'
SUPPORT the struggles of all Asian people and especially the struggles of Asian women to organize themselves and fight for a just and humane existence in their various societies."
Evangelische Frauenhilfe
Alte Landstrasse 121, 4000 Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. Katholische
Katholische Frauengemeinschaft
Prinz Georg Strasse 44, 4000 Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany.
These two groups have been very active in West Germany in denouncing the sex-tourism industry, and in campaigning to get German travel agencies to stop their sex-tours. They have also been waging a large publicity campaign.
Third World Movement Against Exploitation of Women (TWMAE-W)
P.O. Box 1434, Manila 2800, Philippines
An organisation which came into being as a result of concerted action and demonstrations at the time of Premier Suzuki of Japan's visit to ASEAN countries in January 1981. The group spreads across Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, South Korea and Japan, and continues to work to stop sex-tourism and the exploitation of women in many different ways. They produce a bi-monthly newsletter, TW-MAE-W Action Bulletin which reports on the latest actions of the group and the links and activities around the world on the issue.
Women's World Day of Prayer
Deutenbackerstr. 1, D-8504 Stein-uber-Nurnberg, Federal Republic of Germany
Have carried out a signature campaign, demanding that German development money be spent on finding alternative employment possibilities for South-East Asian women who are currently exploited by the sex-tourism industry.
Other groups involved in action are:
Institute of Religion and Culture
P.O. Box EA 131, Ermita, Manila, Philippines.
Nippon Christian Academy Kansai Seminar House
23 Takenouchi-cho, Ichijoji, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan.
Christian Conference of Asia
480 Lorong 2, Tao Pay oh, Singapore 12.
They have also produced a document, "Tourism: The Asian Dilemma", a useful resource.
bibliography sex tourism
"Hospitality Girls in the Philippines"
A. Lin Neumann, South East Asia Chronicle, no. 66, January/ February 1979, South East Asia Resource Center, P.O. Box 4000D, Berkeley, California 94704, USA
This article, which has been reproduced in many different journals and magazines, is an important study of the way in which the entire prostitution tourism industry operates in the Philippines, giving details of money earned by the various parties involved, the government attitude, the tourists and, most importantly, considerable attention to the women involved. The article is based on considerable research and interviews with many people in the Philippines.
Multinational Sex: Feminist Roots of the South Korean Crisis
Carl Cronstadt and Eli Tov, c/o Yamagushi, 3-5-27 Asagaya Kita, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 166, Japan. 1978
This 224 page manuscript is a very interesting and comprehensive examination of the kisaeng (sex tourism) industry in South Korea. The authors examine this topic from three different perspectives: the historical background leading up to and condoning such an industry; an overview of the situation from a feminist point of view including an exploration of the liberation and reunification of South Korea and the elimination of the kisaeng industry; and finally suggestions of feminist tactics appropriate for achieving these goals.
This last section suggests strategies for feminist tactics. The authors suggest that the US women's movement should take steps to promote international solidarity and support with the Korean liberation struggle. Targets for activists could be US and Japanese corporations and banks. Companies like American Airlines depend upon kisaeng and encourage this industry by investing in hotels, transportation systems and tourist bureaux that exploit them. Other companies and banks to be targeted are: (US interests): Motorola Corporation, Gulf Oil Corporation, Chase Manhattan Bank; (Japanese interests): Mitsubishi Corporation, Marubeni Corporation, Matsushita Corporation; (umbrella organisations): US-Korea Economic Council and the World Bank. Suggested demands for targeted business include: 1. pay South Korean women a humane wage; 2. eliminate all sexist practices including discrimination in promotion, training opportunities, forced early retirement, retirement at marriage, sexual threats and hassles, etc.; 3. adhere to the "Declaration of Workers' Human Rights". (This document, signed by a group of workers in Seoul in 1977 is reproduced in the text.)
While the effectiveness of the entire campaign depends on mass participation by ordinary people, there are certain groups whose mobilization is especially important. The influence of organized prostitutes and women activists in both industrialised and Third World countries would be explosive, destroying powerful forces in traditional power structures.
Multinational Sex provides information and valuable insight into the problem. The study is well researched, and includes a useful bibliography and list of sources, but suffers from redundancy and poor organization. This does not however detract from its importance. As the authors point out, exploitation is not only a problem of the kisaeng or of South Korean women or Asian workers. It is an international problem.
Olongapo's Rest and Recreation Industry
Asian Social Institute, 1518 Leon Guinto St., Malate, Manila, Philippines
A slide film. Once a small fishing village in the Philippines, Olongapo today is a city based on the rest and recreation industry. A network of 503 clubs, bars, hotels, restaurants, sauna baths, massage clinics and other recreational and entertainment centers services the "needs" of visiting military and civilian personnel from the adjacent US Naval Base in Subic Bay. An estimated average of 7,000 servicemen and civilian personnel come to Olongapo everyday for "rest and recreation" where some 9,056 registered hostesses and other entertainment employees are waiting to serve them.
This slide show, produced by Leopoldo Moselina, illustrates the operations of the industry and its causes. Most of the women who are exploited by the industry come from poverty stricken areas and many of them were victims of rape or abandonment. The film concludes that prostitution at Olongapo is not a "moral" problem but a constituent part of an exploitative economic system.
Prostitution Tourism
Sister Mary Soledad Perpinan, P.O. Box 1434, Manila 2800, Philippines.
A 19 page paper presented at the Church and Tourism Conference held in November 1981 sponsored by the Church of Sweden and the World Council of Churches. Sister Soledad examines many aspects of the prostitution tourism issue in her country, and relates the activities of the Third World Movement Against Exploitation of Women. She emphasizes the link with militarization describing the prostitution circles which have been set up in Olongapo as a result of the US Subic Naval Base. "We have to stress that a nuclear disaster looms wherever military installations are. If we work towards their abolishment, we likewise shoo away men who abuse our women. In other words, the fight against militarization is also a fight against prostitution which it proliferates."
"Sex Included"
Jane Cottingham, Development Forum vol. 9 no. 5, June 1981, Department of Economic and Social Information, C-527, United Nations, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
An article tracing the history of the sex-tourism industry in South East Asia, showing the growth and magnitude of the industry today, and examining more closely the situation of the women who are abused and exploited by it. Also describes action which has been taken by women's, church and other groups to combat this enormous industrial complex.
"Sexploitation; Das Geschaft mit asiatischen Frauen"
Entwicklungspoiitische Korrespondenz, no. 5, December 1981, Postfach 2846, 2000 Hamburg 19, Federal Republic of Germany.
The entire issue of this excellent bi-monthly magazine is devoted to sex-tourism in South East Asia, and the extension of that - the imported prostitution and "marriage business" in Asian women within Europe. Nineteen articles cover all aspects of the issue with a clear, well-researched analysis, which includes an examination of free trade zones in Asia, and the exploitation of migrant workers in Europe. A basic document on the issues.
Shameful Japanese: Prostitution Tourism
Ms. Takahashi Kikue, c/o Fuijn-Kyofukai, 2-23-5 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan
A slide film sponsored by the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Japan, exposing exploitative tourism. It shows Japanese tour groups composed almost entirely of men, which inevitably include prostitute buying. In Korea, part of tour package deals include what is advertised as "Kisaeng Party". Prostitute buying is, in many guises or openly, advertised in tour brochures and guide books.
Many very young girls are forced into prostitution because of poverty. The double jeopardy committed is realized when the aggressive rise in economic activity of the Japanese in these same countries is understood as one contributing factor to why the people of these countries involved remain in poverty. The Japanese, once labelled the "economic animal" has now come to be called the "sexual animal."
In the Korean situation, centuries-old superior attitudes and discriminatory practices by Japanese toward Korean people compound the feelings of resentment of the past into the present.
Many women's groups in Japan and Korea have started action: \ researching, protest action to government and tour agencies, and demonstrating and passing out leaflets at Haneda and Kimpo airports respectively.
These slides with text in English and Japanese are available for rent or sale.
"Tourism and Prostitution"
ISIS International Bulletin no. 13, 1979, ISIS, CP. 50, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
A collection of articles on many aspects of the sex-tourism phenomenon both in general and with specific articles on Thailand, the Philippines, and South Korea. In order to better place the issue within the scope of sexual abuse against women, there are also articles on prostitution as a whole and feminist thinking about this - the way in which women have always been considered either "madonna" or "whore". Prostitutes in industrialised countries have been organising themselves against abuse and illegal status for the past few years. The Bulletin shows the clear link in the abuse and exploitation of women across the globe, and describes how women in different parts of the world are organising.
"Women's Predicament: Why I oppose Kisaeng Tours: Unearthing a structure of economic and sexual aggression"
Matsui Yayori, Japanese Women Speak Out, June 1975, c/o PARC, P.O. Box 5250, Tokyo International, Japan
This is an eight-page article describing Kisaeng tourism (well advertised tours for Japanese men to come to South Korea for a "sex" holiday) giving some of the historical growth and clearly showing government involvement. Briefly describes some of the actions which women and other groups are taking to stop Kisaeng. A very impassioned article by a Japanese woman. The whole volume Japanese Women Speak Out is an impressive anthology of articles on different aspects of women's oppression not only in Japan, but in South Korea, Thailand, and other South East Asian countries, including ways in which women are building solidarity in their struggles.
women's groups migration
Commission for Filipino Migrant Workers (CFMW)
Via Capo d'Africa 37/int. 2, 00184 Roma, Italy; and St. Francis Community Centre, Pottery Lane, London Wl 1, U.K.
CFMW was established in September 1979 by a group of concerned Filipinos and missionaries who have worked in the Philippines. The general objectives of the CFMW are: 1. to help form autonomous and self-reliant organizations of Filipino migrant workers in order to protect their right? and promote their welfare; 2. to promote a sense of responsibility for and participation in the social struggle and development taking place in the Philippines.
They produce pamphlets and a newsletter, Kabisig, available from either of the above addresses. The May 1982 issue of this newsletter gives an "update" on Filipino migrant organisation in different countries of Europe. "At present Italy is the country where we are closest to building a genuine and truly Filipino migrant organisation. From the beginning the Filipinos got the strong support of the Italian trade unions... who have given consistent support and made available many facilities for the Filipino migrants. The unions have also helped Filipinos to hold conferences and meetings for a better understanding of the society and laws of Italy and helped them draft recommendations for better laws on migrants." Activities of Filipino migrant workers in Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Belgium are also described.
Korean Women's Group in West Germany
c/oWon-Hea Feussner-Kang, Adizereiterstr. 15, 8000 Munchen 2, Federal Republic of Germany.
A group of mainly nurses who started to organise when, in 1977, they were threatened with expulsion from West Germany. They carried out a signature campaign which was supported by many groups including colleagues in hospitals, representatives of Protestant and Catholic churches, the trade unions and women's groups. They held a two-day meeting in May 1978, and presented to the Government demands for unlimited permission to reside and work in the Federal Republic with the right to continue to work, even for those of them who had not been in the country for five years. Part of this demand was later recognised. They continue to work for the rights of South Korean people in European countries.
Labour Rights for Domestic Servants
704-82 Warren Road, Toronto M4V 2R7, Canada.
"I have worked the 80 hour a week jobs, receiving only $250 a month, a bare room to live in, and left-overs for my meals. I have been fired on the spot for questioning my hours of work, with my employer refusing to pay me my back wages... Domestic work was the only type of work 1 could perform legally while I was in this country. If I was fired or unhappy with my job, I would first have to consult immigration officials and receive their permission to seek new employment. Without their permission I would have to leave Canada, or as many domestics do, work illegally.
"I knew that I was not the only exploited domestic in Toronto... 1 had heard stories about other domestic workers which made my worst jobs seem terrific. 1 decided to try to do something about the general exploitation which faced all my fellow domestic workers. I called a very small meeting to discuss what could be done with regard to domestic workers in our province... We decided to draft a petition which called on the Ontario Government to include domestic workers under the Provincial Employment Standards Act (minimum wage, 44 hour work week, vacation pay, overtime pay). The petition was called 'Slavery Today'.''. On January 15, 1979 we took the name Labour Rights for Domestic Servants (LRDS)."
So writes Mirjana Vukman-Tenebaum, originally from Yugoslavia, in an article published in Resources for Feminist Research/Documentation sur la Recherche Feministe Vol. 10 No. 2 July 1981. She goes on to explain how the petition received wide support from many community, political, women's and labour organizations. LRDS had much publicity and by March 1979 over 80 domestic workers had joined the organisation. They decided that LRDS should not only lobby the Government, but also find ways of helping domestics with their day-to-day problems like collecting back-wages, obtaining or renewing employment visas, finding lodgings for temporarily unemployed domestics. In fact, they began to operate as a Domestic Workers' Union.
They also set up a legal counselling service, and started a monthly newsletter. The Domestic Worker. But their major problem was funding. Since June 1980 LRDS has been trying to become the first Domestic Workers Union under the charter of the Canadian Labour Congress and the Ontario Federation of Labour. A Union Charter would give LRDS exclusive rights to organize domestic workers in Ontario and would also entitle them to permanent funding. "If we are given this charter we would open a hiring hall from which we could place domestics. With the money received from the employers for finding them help and our membership dues, we believe that we could support ourselves after one or two years of operation." The final decision on this charter has not yet been taken.
In the meantime, LRDS counts more than 500 members, and because of their work, domestics are now entitled to the minimum wage and to statutory holidays and vacation pay.
Migrant Women Speak
Published for the Churches Committee on Migrant Workers by Search Press Limited, 2-10 Jerdan Place, London SW6 5PT, U.K. and World Council of Churches, 150 route de Ferney, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. 1978.
This is a really fundamental book on the question of migrant women. The result of several years of inquiries, research and practical work with women migrant workers and housewives living in major urban centres in the different regions of Europe, it presents a series of personal accounts by these women, based on extensive interviews by a group of researchers. Not only do these first-hand accounts present a vivid picture of all the problems faced by migrant women, but they show how very strong these women are, giving examples of how they have organised and what they need to improve their situation. Accounts included are: North African women in Marseille (France), migrant women in Belgium (from Italy, Spain, Morocco, Greece, Turkey and Poland), Portuguese women in France, Italian and Spanish women in Switzerland and Germany. Especially noteworthy is the Women Migrants' Manifesto reproduced here from the migrant women's meeting held in Switzerland in 1974. It is a very outspoken and still relevant document.
Migration of Mexican Campesinos
Ed Krueger, American Friends Service Committee, Mexico-US Border Program, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA 10102, USA.
A 21 page paper examining the causes of migration of agricultural workers and peasants in Mexico. It looks at Mexico City's phenomenal growth in the past few years to its becoming the largest city in the world, and points to deliberate government policy of growth and centralised industrialisation as a main factor. It also examines the de-stabilization of agriculture and the deterioration of rural life, the other side of the migration coin, and gives considerable space to details on multinational companies involved in this entire process.
The American Friends Service Committee is an important source of material on migration, especially concerning Mexico and the USA.
Migration Today
no. 24, 1979, World Council of Churches. 150 route de Ferney, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.
Produced jointly with the Women's Desk of the World Council of Churches, this issue of this excellent publication of the Migration Desk is devoted entirely to women migrants. It not only covers the situation of migrant women in many different parts of the world - Asian women in Britain, Italian and Spanish women in Switzerland, Italian women in Australia, Indian women in Kuwait, Turkish women in Norway, Filipina women in Italy, migrant women in Canada and South Africa - but also gives good examples of positive action and organisation by migrants. Available in English, French, and Spanish. Highly recommended.
Minority Rights Group
Benjamin Franklin House, 36 Craven Street, London WC2N 5NG,U.K.
An international research and information unit which works to secure justice for minority or majority groups suffering discrimination, by investigating their situation and publicising the facts as widely as possible, to educate and alert public opinion throughout the world. Publishes regular reports on minorities in different parts of the world, from the Kurds or the Namibians to the Aborigines or the Basques. There are currently 42 reports based on considerable research and analysis. No. 27 is on Arab Women, and No. 28 on Western Europe's Migrant Workers, both in English and French. £0.75 each.
Multiculturalism vol, 11, no. 4, 1979
Faculty of Education, University of Toronto, 371 Bloor St. West, Toronto Ontario M5S 2R7, Canada.
This issue on "Immigrant Women" is an excellent production on the very varied aspects of immigrant women's situations in Canada, drawing for the most part on first-hand interviews with Portuguese, East Indian, Chinese, Greek, St. Lucia and Hungarian women. The main emphasis is on labour force participation and work within the family, with special emphasis on programs particularly designed for immigrant women looking at what is practically available in the different regions of Canada, and listing centres and organisations of immigrant women. An extensive annotated resource guide is given.
"People on the Move"
Aprodicio A. Laquian, Populi vol. 7 no. 3, 1980, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 485 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10017, USA.
A lengthy article describing patterns and consequences of migration internationally in a recent historical perspective, and an important elaboration of policies which have been taken to try to influence internal migration. These are classified as: 1) stop the flow of migrants by encouraging people to stay in the rural areas (rural development), 2) creating "resettlements", "growth poles" and "new cities", 3) restricting movements of population by legal measures, 4) accommodating to existing migration patterns by providing services in urban areas. The author clearly criticises the first three and shows where and why they have failed. In opting for the fourth policy, however, he entirely by-passes any examination of the enormous emphasis on centralised industrialisation which many Third World countries have endorsed and which contributes in part to the massive rural-urban migration patterns. Nowhere is there any specific mention of women.
This whole issue of Populi deals with "population and the urban future".
Organisation of Women of Asian and African Descent (OWA AD)
1 Cambridge Terrace, London NWl, U.K
An organisation founded in 1980 to promote and fight for the interests of Asian, African and West Indian women in Britain, many of whom have been living in Britain for more than one generation. They produce a newsletter, FOWAAD, dealing with issues like immigration laws, race discrimination, sex discrimination and the overall treatment of migrant working women in Britain.
Working Women's Centre
Majorca Building, 1st Floor, 258 Flinders Lane, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
Among its many services, the Working Women's Centre gives emphasis to helping migrant women. It has established a multilingual newspaper, "Women at Work" which is distributed through unions to workers on the job, and contains information about unions, occupational health, child care and other matters which particularly concern women who work outside their homes. They give information, help and advice on a wide range of problems, including discrimination in pay, promotion etc. training and retraining, child care, workers' compensation, health, safety, exploitative piecework conditions, and enquiries for employment. They also run seminars and discussion groups, and supply speakers.
bibliography migration
Filipina Workers: A Case of Exported Women Workers
Migration Secretariat, World Council of Churches, 150 route de Ferney, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. 1980.
A selection of documents which describe the lives of Filipina workers in England, Spain, Italy, Belgium and Canada, the exploitation by their employers and by "job agencies", and the economics of international migration, explained in terms of the Philippines. Also contains a section on sexual exploitation - prostitution and tourism. A guide for "study and action", it includes useful addresses for further information and support and solidarity campaigns.
Filipina Workers is the sixth in a series of documents for "study and action" published by the Migration Secretariat of the World Council of Churches. Other publications in the series include "Migrant Workers in the Dominican Republic", "Migrant Workers in South Africa: Question of Rights and Racism", and "Migrant Workers and Expatriates of the Middle East". All represent excellent resources on the different aspects of migration.
Finding a Voice: Asian Women in Britain
Amrit Wilson, Virago Ltd., 5 Wardour Street, London WIV 2HE,U.K. 1978
Amrit Wilson explains why she wrote this book': "1 felt that Asian women had so much to tell, 1 wanted to write a book in which they could express their opinions and feelings. There have been things written about Asian women which show them always as a group who can't speak for themselves. They are just treated as objects - nothing more. That they have any feelings about their own lives or that they can analyse their own lives never comes up. I wanted to show how Asian women are quite capable of speaking for themselves."
Based on hundreds of first-hand accounts of Asian women working in Britain, this book gives a vivid and personal picture of what it is like to be an Asian migrant there. The material presented shows how Asian women come at the bottom of the heap — being given jobs which used to be done by Asian men or white women. It shows how, as these women start "finding a voice" they are beginning to recognise the injustice against them and to start organising.
"I Thought There Was No More Slavery in Canada!"
Canadian Women's Studies, vol. II, no. 1, 1980, 651 Warden Avenue, Scarborough Ontario M1L 3Z6, Canada.
This article describes the lives of West Indian women working as domestics in Canada, and their efforts in organising against exploitation. Includes short list of groups in Canada.
Mexican Border Industrialization, Female Labor Force, Participation and Migration Maria Patricia Fernandez Kelly, Graduate Dept. of Anthropology, Livingstone College, Rutgers University, USA.
This 26 page study examines the connections among gender, class and family structure and occupational alternatives for both men and women along the Mexican border in the context of its recent industrialization. The author interprets the statistics and shows the various factors which make the options of the women migrant workers significantly different than those of male migrants. There is a good bibliography of material on migration in Latin America, particularly having to do with the US-Mexico border industries. This unpublished manuscript is available from the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), Aurora Schmidt, Mexico-US Border Program, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
"Migrant Women"
ISIS International Bulletin, no. 14, 1980, ISIS, CP. 50,1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland.
The articles in this ISIS Bulletin cover many aspects of the problems of migrant women - low paid, low skilled work, alienation, insecurity, language problems, sexual harassment on a broad spectrum, from domestics in Latin America to outworkers in Australia. Presented as well are women organising to improve their situation such as the Korean Women's Group in West Germany. Also included is an extensive bibliography.
Vrouwen te Gast
Feminist Press Sara, Plantage Muidergracht 149, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
A photographic report on migrant women in the Netherlands by Bertien van Manen, published by the feminist press Sara. In the last 15 years more than ten. thousand women from southern Europe, North Africa and Turkey have come to the Netherlands as migrants. The photographs in this book illustrate many aspects of the lives of these women at home and at work.
"Women and Trade Unions"
Resources for Feminist Research/Documentation sur la Recherche Feministe vol. 10, no. 2, July 1981, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6 Canada.
A valuable issue on all aspects of women within trade unions, but particularly interesting for the section on "Domestic workers organizing strategies". Gives ample resources both of literature and groups. This is always an excellent publication, and invaluable to anyone concerned with women's studies and women and development.
Women in International Migration. Issues in Development Planning
Elsa M. Chaney, Office of Women in Development, USAID, Washington DC, USA.
An overview of the issues of women and international migration - problems faced by the women who stay behind as well as those faced by women who themselves migrate. Also includes a description of women and migration activities in various development-oriented agencies, as well as an extensive bibliography. Contains interesting information, and offers some insight into the perspectives of development planners.
Women in Struggle
Box 50, Rising Free Bookshop, 182 Upper Street, London Nl, U.K.
An excellent collection of articles put together by the Poster Film Collective based on a three week event in Feb-March 1978 under the title "Women in Struggle". All the contributions come from women or women's groups which organize independently but at the same time situate themselves firmly within the context of the broader struggle for people's liberation. Articles from: Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eritrea, Latin America, Chile, the Philippines, China, Malaya, Ireland, India, and also dealing with the Britain-Africa-Caribbean triangle, the Grunwick women's strike, Malaysian Nurses in the UK, and several London women's groups. It is well produced and provides an excellent resource on women in liberation struggles. No price or date mentioned.