The resources listed here have been sifted out of the hundreds of books, pamphlets, manuals, catalogues, articles and organizations dealing with appropriate technology. A large part of the material available is practical: manuals on how to dig a well, filter water, build a stove, store grain, etc. Rather tlian list all of these, we have selected materials dealing specifically with women and appropriate technology; some major resource centers which provide a wide range of theoretical and practical materials, directories, manuals and assistancesome basic books on the concept of appropriate technology, and some resource guides to organizations and materials.

Unfortunately it is impossible to list all of the many appropriate technology organizations around the world. However, the resource centers and guides listed here should provide information about national and local organizations and materials.

resource centers

Appropriate Technology Development Association
P.O. Box 311, Gandhi Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India.

Affiliated with the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), this organization promotes AT and research on AT in India. It produces a quarterly newsletter, technical reports, case studies and a directory of appropriate technology centers. All publications are in English.

Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
807 Vishal Bhawan, 95 Nehru Place, New Delhi 110019, India.

In 1981 the CSE undertook a review of its reports from a feminist perspective. This non-governmental research organization, which aims to increase public awareness of the role of science and technology in national development, discovered that its past failure to take into account the power relationships between men and women had led to mistaken conclusions in its reports on the use of appropriate technologies. This is explained in the paper "Introducing New Technologies I: Try Asking the Women First" by Anil Agarwal (April 1982). The author concludes that treating the poor as a monolithic whole may lead to progressive policies from a socialist point of view, but that these may have a devastating effect on women if a feminist perspective is lacking. The CSE is to be commended for its efforts to review its policies and correct its mistakes. Other papers include "Greening the Countryside" by Ravi Sharma (1981) which looks at firewooU as a feminist issue; and "Men Propose. Women Oppose: The Destruction of Forests" by Gopa Joshi (January 1982).

Coordinacion y Promocion de Tecnologi'a Apropiada en Latinoamerica (COCOP)

COCP is a Latin American Appropriate Technology Network bringing together organizations in Mexico, Central America and northwestern South America to promote cooperation and exchange in this field. Some of the main contact groups are: Centro de Investigaciones Muhidisciplinarias en Tecnologi'a y Empleo (CIMTE), Apartado Aereo 2188, Cali, Colombia, which produces Dialogo, an AT newsletter for the Region Andina Norte; Centro Mesoamencano de Estudios sobre Tecnologi'a Apropiada (CEMAT), Apartado Postal 1160, Guatemala, Guatemala, which has a number of publications; CEBIAE, Casilla de Correos 10252, La Paz, Bolivia. Information on materials and organizations in these regions may be obtained from these addresses.

Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG)
9 King Street, London WC2E 8 HN, England

Founded in 1965 by Dr. E.F. Schumacher, ITDG has developed small scale and low cost technologies in the areas of agriculture, building, food, cooperatives, health, transportation, power and industry. It gives technical advice to developing countries and aid agencies, and supports appropriate technology centers in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Its publications branch, Intermediate Publications Ltd., produces and distributes a wide range of materials from the theory of appropriate technology to economic policy to practical manuals. Among its many publications are: the Appropriate Technology quarterly journal, concerned mainly with simple technologies (Subscription: £ 5 per year); and Economically Appropriate Technologies for Developing Countries: An Annotated Bibliography by Marilyn Carr, a good source of reference material on the economic appropriateness of intermediate technologies for developing countries, compiled by one who has shown concern for the impact of AT on women. Still useful, ahhough it dates from 1976. Price: £ 2.75. A catalogue of publications is available.

Rural Communication Services
17 St. James Street, South Petherton, Somerset, England

This organization "collects and recycles information on methods of appropriate technology, relevant to rural communities around the worid." It has produced a very useful Village Technology Handbook, with neariy 300 loose sheets Usting organizations, groups, projects, books and periodicals dealing with appropriate technology. It is especially useful for contacting local or national organizations and projects in various countries around the world. Price: £ 1.75 plus postage.

South Pacific Appropriate Technotogy Foundation (SPATF)
P.O. Box 6937, Boroi^o, Papua New Guinea

Established in 1977 as a project of the governmental Office of Village Development, SPAFT aims to promote information about and use of appropriate technologies using local materials and skills in Papua New Guinea and other countries of the South Pacific. It provides technical assistance and a series of publications and manuals as well as a quarterly newsletter Yumi Kirapim. SPATF gives attention to the special problems and interests of women in the area of appropriate technology and has published a report on the 1978 Papua New Guinea National Women's Workshop on Appropriate Technology entitled "Tradition-Linked Technology." A complete hst of publications is available.

TOOL
Mauritskade 61a, 1092 AD, Amsterdam, Netherlands

TOOL is a Dutch foundation promoting appropriate technology through responding to technical enquiries, research, publication of "how-to" materials, direct technical assistance, and a library of materials indexed in SATIS Socially Appropriate Technology Information System. A publications list is available.

Transnational Network for Appropriate/Alternative Technologies (TRANET)
P.O. Box 567, Rangeley, Maine 04970, USA

TRANET aims to promote the development, use and understanding of appropriate technology through education and networking among groups and individuals around the world involved in this field. It acts as a clearinghouse of materials and publishes a quarterly newsletter. Each issue is filled with well-annotated resource listings and a directory of groups and organizations, ranging from the theoretical to the practical, from governmental to alternative sources in all parts of the world. Addresses are always included. This is a very useful resource. TRANET's Board of Directors come from five continents and are associated with a variety of governmental, non-governmental and academic institutions. Subscription: USS15.

Volunteers in Asia (VIA)
Box 4543, Stanford, California 94305, USA

An independent organization, VIA began its appropriate technology project in 1975 with the aim to gather and disseminate information on information in this field. Its major publication is the two-volume Appropriate Technology Sourcebook, an extensive guide to the publications on all aspects of village and small community technology. It also contains an excellent introduction to and overview of the concept of appropriate technology. It reviews the major general books on the theory and practice of AT and periodicals dealing with this subject. This is one of the most useful resource books on AT, both because of its extensive coverage and because its reviews are ample and critical enough to give a real sense of the content and orientation of the material. Written in 1976 and revised in 1981, volume 1 is 304 pages and costs US$5.50; $2.75 for individuals and local groups in developing countries plus SI postage; the 496 page volume 2 dates from 1981, and costs $6.50; $3.25 for individuals and local groups in developing countries, plus $1.38 postage.

Vounteers in Technical Assistance (VITA)
3706 Rhode Island Avenue, Mt. Rainier, Maryland 20822, USA

A private development organization established in 1960, VITA responds to requests about appropriate technologies, provides technical assistance and training, maintains a documentation center, publishes technical manuals and two newsletters, and provides skilled volunteers to assist developing countries. Among its publications is the Village Technology Handbook, in English, French and Spanish, with easy to read and use construction plans covering areas of well-digging, pumps, tools for agriculture, sanitation, food storage and more.

books and resource guides

Appropriate Technology Directory
Nicolas Jequier, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Publications Office, 2 rue AndrePascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France

This directory contains descriptions of almost 300 organizations in the field of appropriate technology all over the worid. Produced in 1979, it is a useful source of information on national, regional and international groups, but unfortunately very expensive. Price: USS22.50

Appropriate Technology for African Women
Marilyn Carr, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa/African Training and Research Centre for Women (UNECA/ATRCW), P.O. Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1978.

This is one of the best examinations of the impact of appropriate technology on women. The author begins with a historical perspective on appropriate technology and gives examples of the disastrous results of introducing inappropriate ones. She proceeds to a discussion of the deteriorating situation of women in many developing countries and how really appropriate technologies could help improve women's lives. Finally, she gives some examples of appropriate technology for women in Africa and includes a good selected bibliography of materials and addresses.

Appropriate Technology: Problems and Promises
Nicolas Jequier, ed., Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Publications Office, 2 rue AndrePascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.

Written in 1976, this 344 page book, presents an introduction to the theory and issues around appropriate technology as well as papers from various authors discussing problems and policy. It is a very useful overview of the concept of appropriate technology and examination of its impact and implications on most aspects of society, although it does not address the particular situation of women. Price: US$12.50. The introductory essay is available from Volunteers in Asia for the USA and developing countries only. Price: $2.50, USA; $2, developing countries.

Conference Proceedings Women and Technology: Deciding What's Appropriate
Women's Resource Center, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA, April 1979.

This 40 page booklet contains the major addresses of the Conference on Women and Technology: Deciding What's Appropriate. It grew out of a felt need to link up the women's movement and the ecology movement. These highly interesting papers examine the implications of technology and the move towards simpler technologies in industrialized countries on the lives of women. They also bring up the often ignored but crucial issues of whether technology has expanded or limited women's roles, whether the move to simpler technologies in the industrialized countries means "back to the kitchen" for women, and the social changes necessary if women are to have any decision-making power in the area of technology.

Guide to Convivial Tools
Valentina Borremans, LJ Special Report 13, R.R. Bowker Company, 1180 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10036, USA.

This reference guide, dated 1979, lists 858 books and articles on alternatives to industrial society, with special emphasis on hard to find and little known materials produced by alternative groups and networks. It also lists, with addresses, alternative periodicals and small, special and unusual sources of materials Price: USS7; cash with order, $5.95

A Handbook on Appropriate Technology
Canadian Hunger Foundation, 323 Chapel Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Kl 7Z2, Canada.

Developed together with the Brace Institute, this book contains sections on: concepts, case studies, glossary, as well as many examples of agricultural equipment and lists of groups and people interested in appropriate technology. Available in English, French and Spanish.

Lightening the Load: Self-Reliance for Women
World YWCA, 37 Quai Wilson, Geneva, Switzeriand, 1982.

This workbook is divided into four sections: 1) Appropriate Technology: what it is, why it is important, its use for women; 2) Introducing Appropriate Technology Activities to Women: convincing others, introducing change, activities for women; 3) Resources; 4) Selected Appropriate Technology Projects for Women. Prepared by the Worid YWCA South Pacific Area Office, it is produced by the International Women's Tribune Centre, New York.

Lik Lik Buk
Melanesian Council of Churches. P.O. Box 1920, Lae, Papua New Guinea.

A handbook for village self-help, this has been found a useful model in many developing countries. Contains information on many aspects of appropriate technology.

Project Status Report on Science and Technology for Women
Centre of Science for Villages, Wardha 442001, India. 1981

This report is a descriptive inventory of technologies available in different parts of India specifically to help women in villages. They are categorized as helping to do one of five things: a) provide employment opportunities to women;b) reduce the drudgery in the hfe of women; c) improve sanitation and environmental conditions; d) improve the health and nutritional status of women, and e) protect women from hazards.

Rural Women: Their Integration in Development Programmes and How Simple Technologies Can Help Them
Elizabeth O'Kelly, 3 Cumberland Gardens, Lloyd Square, London WC1X9AF, England.

There are so few publications on women and appropriate technology or even ones that acknowledge the existence of women, that it is a pity this 84 page booklet is out of print. In addition to listing some technologies which would help i women in their daily tasks in Africa and Asia, Ms. O'Kelly notes how development projects either often neglect women or affect them negatively. More important are her suggestion and examples of the creation of small women's organizations working on appropriate technology projects.

Simple Technologies for Rural Women in Bangladesh
Elizabeth O'Kelly, UNICEF, Women's Development Programme, Dacca, Bangladesh, 1977

This 48 page illustrated manual describes a number of simple technologies ranging from stoves and coolers to post harvest activities and systems of water supply. The techniques are simply described and there is no discussion about their impact. The manual lists resources including publications, organizations and manufacturers of the equipment illustrated. Interestingly, more than half of the manufacturers listed are located in developed countries, notably Japan, France and the United Kingdom.

Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered
E.F. Schumacher, Harper and Row, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, New York 10022, USA

This is a classic book of the philosophy of appropriate technology by one of its leading proponents and the founder of the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). In it, he puts forward the case for people-oriented economic policies in a clear and concrete way. Many later writers on the theory and practice of AT owe much to this book, written in 1973. It is also available from ITDG (see above).

Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Due: Women and Appropriate Technology
Judy Smith, Women and Technology Project, 315 S. 4th E., Missoula, Montana 59801, USA, October 1980

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An excellent feminist critique of the male domination of the appropriate technology field, this 30 page booklet discusses the importance and implications of technology for women, and the need for women to organize around the issue of appropriate technology. It includes a resource list of publications and groups in the USA in the field of appropriate technology.

Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries
Roslyn Dauber and Mehnda L. Cain, eds. Westview Press. Distributed by Bowker Publishing Company, Erasmus House, Epping, Essex, CM16 4BU, England

In this 266 page collection of papers from the 1979 AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) National Annual Meeting, a number of prominent women in the field of women and development present their research and thinking on women and technology in developing countries. The papers represent a variety of perspectives and approaches to the complexity of the issue and range from detailed case studies to broad overviews. They include: "Women and the Development of 'Underdevelopment': The African Experience" by Ann Seidman which presents clear evidence of the detrimental effects of technological change on women and argues for the necessity of institutional change; "Technologies Appropriate for Women: Theory, Practice and Policy" by Marilyn Carr, a clear, concise summary of some of the issues involved in developing technology appropriate and useful for women; "The Differential Impact of Programs and Policies on Women in Development" by Hanna Papanek; "The Plight of the Invisible Farmer: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women in Africa" by Louise Fortman; and several others. Most of the authors urge planners to consider the needs of women, not only for the benefit of women alone but for the benefit of development overall. This book provides a useful overview of development thought on women and technology, a good basis for further analysis and well-documented raw materials in the form of statistics and case studies. Price: £10.

articles

"Appropriate Technology for Women"
Marilyn Carr, Appropriate Technology, no. I, 1978, Intermediate Technology Publications, 9 King Street, London WC2E 8HN, England

In this brief article, the author points out the long hours worked by African women and how modern equipment has increased rather than decreased their work. She describes some of the UN projects on technology for women.

"Appropriate Technology for Women"
Elizabeth O'Kelly, Development Forum, June 1976, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland

A short article stressing the need to alleviate women's burdens and overcome prejudices about women and technology, this also describes a number of areas where small technologies could help women.

"Rural Women, Rural Technology, Rural Development"
Marilyn N. Carr, Populi, vol. 3 no. 4, 1976, United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), 485 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10017, USA

An introduction to the issue, this article gives a good overview of appropriate technology, of women's work in rural areas of Africa, and of the importance of considering women's work and contributions in any program involving the application of appropriate technology.

"The Use of Appropriate Technology to Help Rural Women" Elizabeth O'Kelly, Appropriate Technology, no. 2, 1977, Intermediate Technology PubUcations, 9 King Street, London WC2E 8HN, England.

Stressing the need for appropriate technologies in rural areas, this short article shows how these can help women increase the productivity of their work in food production. She also discusses the importance of village-level clubs or associations for women.

"What do Women Want?"
Barbara Rogers, Appropriate Technology, no. 4, 1979, Intermediate Technology Publications, 9 King Street, London WC2E 8HN, England.

"Women and Appropriate Technology"
International Women's Tribune Centre, Inc., Newsletter no. 9, April 1979, 305 East 46th Street, New York, New York 10017, USA.

This issue of the newsletter contains a brief introduction to the issue of appropriate technology for women, some examples of projects, and a very good bibliography of resource centers and materials. Also available in Spanish.

"Women Changing Technology"
Bev Eaton, New Roots, December/January 1981, Box 548, Greenfield, Massachusetts 01302, USA.

A short article, this deals with how "men create, define and control technology in our society and are designated as those with the know-how to keep it under control," and suggests how women can change this situation.