PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

TYPES OF WORK

Canada

• Receiving country-

Permanent resident 

Domestic workers on temporary employment authorization

• Internal migration of indigenous people

•  Immigrant women at highest and lowest point of the scale

Sewing Machine operators

Hong Kong

• Receiving country from Asia

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• Sending country

 84.5%of all migrant workers in Hong Kong are domestic helpers:

Indian         1.15%

The remaining 15.5% 

Construction workers

• Prostitution
• Work in sex tourism industry

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 Australia

• Receiving country from Asia, Europe, Middle East, USA, Central and South America and Africa

• Wide range of jobs - from professionals to self-employed business women to unskilled labor

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS FACED BY MIGRANT WOMEN

RESPONSES BY GO/NGOs

 PUSH/ PULL FACTORS-

• Push

Militarization, poverty, human rights violations

• Pull

Desire for better job opportunities, health, peace, order, lifestyle, higher salary

• Exploitation of the land

• Language barriers
• Workplace offers little control over shifts and working conditions
• Need for childcare services

• Support groups and networks' recommendations-

Monitoring Canadian job strategy program as it relates to migrant women

• Poverty
• Hong Kong is need for migrant workers to ease tight local labor market
• Women's need to make money due to prematurely terminated contracts
• Augment a domestic helper's income
• Agents trapping them in Hong Kong and forcing them into prostitution

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• "Fear of repercussion in 1997 due to the change in sovereignty

• Squalid working conditions
• Physical and sexual assault
• Loneliness, alienation
• Loss of dignity
• Emotional and psychological trauma
• Health risks
• Exploitation

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• Stressful to the family
• Separation of family members change lifestyle
• Lack of direct communication
• Threats to family stability 

• Service from support groups

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• Family reunions
• Educational and business opportunities
• Humanitarian and political reasons
• Poverty
• Refugees

• For non-European background:

Culture shock and racism

• Community services-

Sports and cultural clubs

• Government Services-

Telephone interpreter service (24 hours)

• Charitable organizations' service