PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

 TYPES OF WORK

 Laos

• Sending country
• Internal migration (before and after tfie revolutbn)

• Waitressing
• Bar work
• Prostitution

 Nepal

• Sending country
• Internal migration
• Across the border to India

• Garment and carpet factory work
• Prostitution (not practised openly) middle class prostituted women for foreign clientele
• Work in sex tourism industry

Sri Lanka

• Sending country to Middle East, Europe, Asb (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan)

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• Internal migratbn

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• Factory work
• Semi-skilled work
• Prostitution
• Work in sex tourism industry

 CAUSE OF MIGRATION

EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS FACED BY MIGRANT WOMEN

 RESPONSES BY GOs/NGOs

BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

• Militarization (i.e. where there were soldiers based, ther were also clubs)
• Poverty

AFTER THE REVOLUTION

• Irrproved relations with otfier countries boosted tourism and thie need for sex workers and entertainers
• Commercbl clubs flourished

• Increase in soial problems

• Increased health risks

 AFTER THE REVOLUTION

• Sex workers sent to re-education centers to be treated and trained
• Laos Women's Union - helping development in all aspects of women's lives
• Government recognition of women as a key to economic advancement

• Extreme poverty
• Change from barter to cash system
• Regional disparities - an imbalance between highlands and lowlands in agricultural resources  

• Women, left by their husbands to find work, live like widows and are prey to other men
• The large number of workers competing for the same factory jobs are vulnerable to exploitation
• The congestion of cities with people looking for jobs, forces women into prostitution
• Health risks

• Government illegalized trafficking of women
• NGOs conducting awareness workshops in heavy trafficking areas
• Conducting in-depth research

• Poverty, unemployment
• Lack of opportunities
• North/East conflict 

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• Search for employment in the free trade zone
• Migration to areas coming within development projects which have necessary infrastructure for cultivation and industries
• Government sponsored re-settlement in Tamil areas
• Search for safer areas because of ethnic tension
• Poverty
• Ignorance
• Hotel industry enticing young women in order to boost tourism

• Inability to adjust to new jobs, country, traditions, customs, workload, etc.
• Homesickness
• Violation of employer/employee contract
• Language barriers
• Sexual abuse
• Mental and Physical abuse

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• Rise in social diseases
• Sexual and physical harassment

• Migrant worker's training project - On housekeeping, financial management, provides counseling, help with travel formalities and language
• Labor officers take steps to ensure US$100 minimum wage
• Attempts to eliminate illegal and unlicensed agents

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• Create multi-sectoral task force
• Awareness and rehabilitation program
• Legislation to prevent hoteliers from admitting or recruiting young women into prostitution